SQL (Structured Query Language) is a powerful tool for managing and querying data in relational databases.
mong the various operations it supports, the GROUP BY clause and aggregate functions play a critical role in organizing and summarizing data.
This article will walk you through the use of GROUP BY and aggregate functions in SQL with detailed examples and scenarios. 
Table of Contents
The GROUP BY Clause
The GROUP BY clause is used to group rows with the same values in specified columns into a single row. It is often used with aggregate functions to perform calculations on each group of rows. Here’s a simple example:
Consider the following ‘orders’ table:
| order_id | customer_id | order_date |
| 1 | 101 | 2023-01-01 |
| 2 | 102 | 2023-01-01 |
| 3 | 101 | 2023-01-02 |
| 4 | 103 | 2023-01-02 |
To group orders by date, use the following query:
SELECT order_date, COUNT(*) as num_orders
FROM orders
GROUP BY order_date;
Result:
| order_date | num_orders |
| 2023-01-01 | 2 |
| 2023-01-02 | 2 |
Multiple Columns
You can group by multiple columns by listing them after the GROUP BY keyword. For example, to group orders by date and customer:
SELECT order_date, customer_id, COUNT(*) as num_orders
FROM orders
GROUP BY order_date, customer_id;
Result:
| order_date | customer_id | num_orders |
| 2023-01-01 | 101 | 1 |
| 2023-01-01 | 102 | 1 |
| 2023-01-02 | 101 | 1 |
| 2023-01-02 | 103 | 1 |
Filtering with HAVING
SELECT order_date, COUNT(*) as num_orders
FROM orders
GROUP BY order_date
HAVING num_orders > 1;
Result:
| order_date | num_orders |
| 2023-01-01 | 2 |
| 2023-01-02 | 2 |
Aggregate Functions 
COUNT
COUNT() returns the number of rows in a group. It can be used with a specific column name or with the * symbol:
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM orders;
SUM
SUM() returns the sum of values in a group. For example, to find the total price for each order:
SELECT order_id, SUM(price) as total_price
FROM order_items
GROUP BY order_id;
AVG
AVG() returns the average of values in a group. For example, to find the average price of items for each order:
SELECT order_id, AVG(price) as average_price
FROM order_items
GROUP BY order_id;
MIN and MAX
MIN() and MAX() return the minimum and maximum values in a group, respectively. To find the minimum and maximum prices of items for each order:
SELECT order_id, MIN(price) as min_price, MAX(price) as max_price
FROM order_items
GROUP BY order_id;
GROUP_CONCAT
GROUP_CONCAT() concatenates non-NULL values from a group, separated by a specified delimiter. For example, to list all item names in each order:
SELECT order_id, GROUP_CONCAT(item_name SEPARATOR ', ') as items
FROM order_items
GROUP BY order_id;
Combining GROUP BY and Aggregate Functions 
You can combine GROUP BY and aggregate functions to perform more complex queries. For example, to find the total sales amount for each customer:
SELECT customer_id, SUM(total_price) as total_sales
FROM (
SELECT order_id, customer_id, SUM(price) as total_price
FROM orders
JOIN order_items ON orders.order_id = order_items.order_id
GROUP BY orders.order_id, orders.customer_id
) as subquery
GROUP BY customer_id;
Result:
| customer_id | total_sales |
| 101 | 2000.00 |
| 102 | 1500.00 |
| 103 | 2500.00 |
Conclusion 
In this article, we explored the SQL GROUP BY clause and aggregate functions like COUNT, SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX, and GROUP_CONCAT.
We also looked at how to filter GROUP BY results using the HAVING clause and combine GROUP BY with aggregate functions for more powerful queries. Understanding these concepts will help you manage and analyze your data more effectively.
Happy querying! 
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